![]() Pakistan’s Abbottabad City had a mortality rate from pneumonia of 14 deaths for every 1000 children under the age of 5 prior to interventions. Children under the age of five are highly susceptible to pneumonia in countries with high mortality rates, and in Pakistan, it is the second leading cause of death for such children. Even though it is more frequent in South Asia and Sub Saharan-Africa, pneumonia affects families and children all over the world. ![]() Every year, 90,000 children in Pakistan die from pneumonia. In 2016, 860,373 children under the age of five died from pneumonia, while 808,694 died in 2017. Overall, it is the third major cause of death. Globally, millions of individuals are affected by pneumonia every year. When they cough or sneeze, it can be spread by airborne droplets. When a child breathes, viruses and bacteria often present in their nose or throat might infect the lungs. Pneumonia can be transmitted in a variety of ways. Patients with severe symptoms experience loss of appetite, bodily discomfort, and coughing up blood or cyanosis. Symptoms include a vigorous or dry cough, a high-grade fever with cramps, rapid breathing, shortness of breath, chest discomfort when coughing, a fast heartbeat, feeling extremely fatigued or weak, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, etc. Pneumonia has been regarded as a leading cause of death, with 14% of deaths for children under the age of 5 and a reported 740,180 deaths among children in 2019. Experimental results show that Inception-V3 with CNN attained the highest accuracy and recall score of 99.29% and 99.73%, respectively. Besides the common evaluation metrics, the performance of the pre-trained and ensemble deep learning models is measured with Cohen’s kappa as well as the area under the curve (AUC). Ensembles are made by incorporating CNN with Inception-V3, VGG-16, and ResNet50. Different pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) variants are utilized, including VGG16, Inception-v3, and ResNet50. The dataset is preprocessed to make it suitable for transfer learning tasks. This study is a similar endeavor for the detection of pneumonia by the use of X-ray images. Despite the existing approaches for its diagnosis, low accuracy and efficiency require further research for more accurate systems. Patients with underlying disorders such as asthma, a weakened immune system, hospitalized babies, and older persons on ventilators are all at risk, particularly if pneumonia is not detected early. It may be a virus, bacterial, or fungal, depending on the contagious pathogen that damages the lung’s tiny air sacs (alveoli). Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death in both infants and elderly people, with approximately 4 million deaths each year.
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